Global Warming Threating Lifes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1004 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/14 Category Ecology Essay Level High school Tags: Global Warming Essay Did you like this example?   I have watched the movie The Day After Tomorrow and it shows us fictionally what could happen as the worst possibility if we keep ignoring global warming. Jack Hall is the main climatologist in the movie and he goes to U.N. officials to present his environmental concerns, but he was tossed aside by most of the people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Warming Threating Lifes" essay for you Create order He said in the movie that â€Å"the government needed to start making long-term preparations now,† before it was too late. Then after they tossed him aside his research and all the estimations that he made came true. Later a massive â€Å"superstorm† developed setting off a chain of devastating natural disasters throughout the world. By the time anyone realized what was happening most everyone was dead, billions of lives and places in ruin. This movie sparked my interest because there are scientific facts and important people telling us that we are straining our resources and our environment. Yet we keep on throwing their concerns out the window, and that has real life consequences. Global warming is harmful to us and the environment and if we don’t start taking better care of the planet now then we will have big problems to face such as, more frequent and intense weather, higher sea levels, and wildlife extinction rates will continue to rise. Global warming has many consequences, one of which is causing more frequent and intense weather to occur. We all know or recognize that seasons and temperatures have changed since each of us were kids. I remember as a child that it would be fall September through November and then winter would come in December. Now it starts to get cold October through November and we have barely even had any of the fall season. Based on figure ones graph it shows that the average surface temperature for the whole globe has increase from the 1850’s through 2011. The graph states that there has been much more of an increase in the twentieth century. From that graph alone it shows us that the climate has changed and has gone up a lot since we first started taking weather and climate measurements. â€Å"The work of climatologists has found evidence to suggest that only a limited number of factors are primarily responsible for most of the past episodes of climate change on the earth. These factors include: Volcanic eruptions, Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations, and Variations in solar output.† (Patel et al.217). Studies have shown a link between carbon dioxide in the air and the mean of worldwide temperature. The efforts of scientists that study climate and weather have shown that a small quantity of factors are mainly accountable for most of the globes climate change events. Those factors are differences in solar output, differences in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and eruptions from volcanos. Admission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere is one of the leading causes of global warming. Over the past centuries we the people have noticed a spike in temperature and a difference in seasons. My cousin told me the other day that when you go to New York the air is so polluted that it fills like you are breathing through maple syrup, it is that thick. Another consequence of global warming is rising sea levels. Researchers started keeping records on how the climate was impacting the arctic ice over a century ago. â€Å"Near Prince Rupert, the ocean rose 12 cm between 1909 and 1999, and sea surface temperatures have risen as much as 1.8 degrees C off the coast. Some provincial glaciers have receded 1,100 metres in the past century.†(Pynn and Baglole 3). Most of the world’s ice from glaciers is found in two areas Antarctica and Greenland. Since we only have two beautiful places where glaciers are still found we should want to preserve the ice as much as possible. Sea levels are rising at a high percentage rate and the ice is melting. If we don’t reduce global climate change the ice and glaciers will keep melting and by the time we wake up the problem will be past solving. Thank of it this way, the more ice that melts the less space the world has for land. Water takes up more space than ice, so when the ice melts, the water will likely take up twice the space of the ice. â€Å"In 2005, the ice cap covering the Arctic Ocean shrank to its smallest size since researchers began keeping records a century ago.†(Lonny 24). Some people are asking if the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will later own cause the ocean to turn acidic. The ocean has a pH of roughly 8.2 which means that it is alkaline. Alkaline means that something has a pH of 7 or higher. Logically since the earth’s oceans have never had acid in them since the beginning of time it stands to reason that acid shouldn’t be in them in the future. The ocean holds a lot more heat than the atmosphere, because of this ocean temperature is more vital than land temperature. Additionally, another consequence of global warming, that isn’t discussed a lot is wildlife extinction rates. Global warming is endangering a lot of different species around the globe. Endangered species most commonly affected by global warming are most commonly found near colder parts of the globe. We are using greenhouse gases, and in turn we are killing our environment and all the amazing, wonderful, and beautiful creatures that live there. If we don’t start to protect our environment and the animals that live there in the future, there won’t be anything to take our kids to see. There will not be any species left to admire and protect or any wildlife to capture the beauty of. We need to cherish and protect this beautiful earth that God created. â€Å"With the increase in global temperature, the glaciers of the poles melt at faster rate than ever. At this rate, the habitats for the polar bear, penguin, harp seal, snow goose etc are shrinking.†(Athena Information Solutions Pvt.Ltd. 1)

Why Is It So Difficult For Me - 1619 Words

â€Å"Morgan what is wrong? Just tell me what is going on and I will help.† I remember these words spoken by my mother on an occasion where I was hysterically crying with tears rolling down my cheeks like waves in the ocean. There was a build up inside of me because something was wrong, but I did not know how to express it. In my head I had a wave of emotion causing some outward distress, but I did not know how to express my feelings in words. All I wanted was a way to release my words so they could fall out of my mouth and relieve me from my build up of emotions, but the words would not come. It was as if my emotions were bottled up inside me waiting to explode like a bomb, but it never exploded. Why is it so difficult for me to express emotions in words that can be heard by others? This ability must be something instinctual, maybe something written in the concrete unchangeable DNA of a person, but somehow this trait has skipped me. I absolutely believe that some people have the ability to express their feelings and others do not. Those who have the ability can use their feelings to form words, sentences and phrases that express what they are thinking and feeling. Others, like myself do not have this ability. I can not easily express my emotions in any form, spoken or written. While I have come to terms with the fact that I have issues with sharing my feelings, I have not given up on trying to get better at expressing my emotions. I want to be able to express my emotions in theShow MoreRelatedJournal 11709 Words   |  3 Pagesvaluable for me to know and understand. Thus, I have read Night and attended a speech given by Elie Wiesel. I have read the Diary of Anne Frank, other memoirs and accounts, as well as fictional and rigid non-fictional books. I have watched Schindler’s List, Sophie’s Choice, Life is Beautiful, and a host of other reproductions and documentaries. I have visited the Holocaust museum in Washington D.C. I have heard the stories of my own families being taken and being murdered. Thus, it is difficult to selectRead MoreBeing From A Country Where There Are Multiple Languages1324 Words   |  6 Pagesrepresents their language and everyone points to a different flag. Hearing people speak a language that I do not understand makes me feel extremely uncomfortable most of the time, especially when they start a conversation, and they both look at me and laugh or say something else. I wonder if they are talking about me, but what can I say I do not understand what they are saying so I cannot question them. I may not understand what most of the students who speak different languages are talking about, butRead MoreMy Life After Middle School Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesThe preceding is just a tiny percentage of the commentary that has been reiterated to me most of my life. While some of these comments and questions are positive, some are extremely rude and negative , and others are difficult to explain. I say difficult because to the naked eye they are harmless, but to me they are phrases that have and will forever change my life. I have been skinny my entire life; I was a chubby baby, but the moment I reached the age of two, you could tell that I was not your normal-sizedRead More Top Five Personal Values Essay689 Words   |  3 Pagesdifferently. Here, I will discuss my top 5 values, and why they are important to me. The one thing that I regard as most valuable is my religion – Christianity. I truly cherish the ability to communicate to God through prayer, because I believe that it is a very powerful phenomenon. The example Jesus set for us when he was on this planet is another incredible thing; while reaching the level of perfection that He did is impossible, his standard gives me motivation to do good in the world and to be a catalystRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Job A Priority, My Mom Received Open Heart Surgery845 Words   |  4 PagesSometimes we go through difficult situations where we do not understand why the situation occurs. Sometimes we go through difficult situations and we do understand why the situation occurs. I believe these situations do make us better as individuals. I have faced three separate challenging circumstances, in the past six months, which has made me more independent and cultivated. I have been academically dismissed from school, my mom received open-heart surgery and I was threatened to be fired fromRead MoreImportance Of Writing Paper870 Words   |  4 Pages Writing papers have not always been my favorite thing to do. The main reason why I detested writing papers, was because I considered my English horrible. English is not my native language and learning it was difficult in my opinion. Especially, when as a child the only place where you could speak English was at school. Other than that, the only language I was allowed to speak at home was Spanish. Throughout the years I eventually got the hang of it, and at the beginning of fourth grade, I was placedRead MoreI Am Impressed By This Class Made Me983 Words   |  4 Pagesinsight of my development and improvement in English writing. I have to admit that throughout the year this class made me rethink everything I know about English. I studied the text in depth and analyzed it to make conclusions. The concepts of â€Å"Pop Culture† and â€Å"Hamlet† were complicated at first but I was able to understand the meaning of each. Not only were the concepts difficult but also writing the essays as I did not have a firm grasp on the concept. I am surprised by how much I was able to learnRead MoreMy Writing A Text Is Difficult1027 Words   |  5 Pagesis difficult, but what is really difficult is trying to understand or remember what you have just read. Our brain alone is just not strong enough to catch on to it in a push of a button. That is why they invented a long term plan to put into action called reading strategies. Some of them include, predict, visualize, identify, infer, etc. although it depends on the person who is using them. Some works wonders but others fall short and doesn t help us at all, no matter how hard we try. For me, questionRead MoreCreative Writing Assignment: A Prologue1590 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Prologue Why did you have to give them that look? Theyre most probably on to you right now and its only a matter of time until they discover our true interests. Well, Im sorry, but Im only human and it would be impossible for me to be as stone-cold as you all the time. We now need to get out of this place and find an environment where people can actually accept us as our true selves. Im tired of trying to pose into something that Im not†¦Im tired of society constantly trying to make me adoptRead MoreThe Problem Of Abandonment Trauma943 Words   |  4 Pagesfeels like every night. You are not sure why he left, you just know he hasn’t come back and maybe never will. That child was me at only four, although I did not dream every night that same dream, that image ran through my mind all too often. It was not until my mid-teens that I learned of why he left, and even after I heard part of why he left, I still lived on with the fear of abandonment due to trauma. Why? Because I had no idea that it had mentally affected me on more than just a paternal/parental

Australia And China Relations Free Essays

As the saying goes â€Å"No man can live alone†, so is a nation. In this era of globalization, no nation can meet the demands of the new world order without the help of other nation. The International Community is composed of various nations, sharing ideas and lending hand to establish progress for a better future. We will write a custom essay sample on Australia And China Relations or any similar topic only for you Order Now Australia which is a member of the United Nations and other international organizations also shares its ideas and resources to other nations while gaining its interests for the good of its people. In addition, building friendly relations with other nations plays an essential role in furthering plans for the future of its constituents. Nations to befriend with does not necessarily require similarities in advocacy or type of government. It is necessary that an issue that interests both nations will be properly addressed. Moreover, according to Alan Oxley, interests shape relationship. In the case of Australia, building ties with China, which is a rising superpower, is possible because of some interests that bind both of them. According to Grattan’s and Nicholson’s article, the Prime Minister wanted to establish a personal relationship with Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and President Hu Jintao. In addition, according to Toy and Grattan, building personal ties with leaders could not be hard because of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd’s skill and intelligence on China’s tradition and political culture and his experience as Australian diplomat in China. According to Grattan and Nicholson, the relationship between Australia and China is one of common economic and national interest. Some of these interests that Prime Minister Kevin Rudd wants to pursue with China are free trade and bilateral agreement, the issue on climate change and to encourage Chinese people to become full partners in the global international order and establish a long- term partnership with China. On economic issue, the Prime Minister is boosting for free- trade and bilateral agreement. Through these, a wider business opportunity will open to both countries. According to Alan Oxley, Chair of the APEC Centre at Monash University, Australia is a major supplier of resources for China. Moreover, according to Grattan and Nicholson, Australia is known of its coal resources which are needed by China as a source of energy. On the other hand, free trade will open China for Australian investors because of its growing market in the pensions and superannuation industry, as stated by Toy and Grattan in their article. The free- trade agreement will also push to finalize the Doha deal which is an advantage for Australia. Some barriers in the business transactions between the two countries will also be addressed to further a smooth flow of business. According to Grattan’s and Nicholson’s article, Dr. Malcolm Cook stated that China, on its part, is also interested because of its interest in the bid to buy into Rio Tinto to keep down the costs of resources from Australia. Through free trade agreement, both countries will be able to meet their interests. Under the free- trade agreement, China may as well be granted with investment rights. Through investment rights, according to Trade Minister Simon Crean, China will be allowed to invest up to $1 billion at a time without having to seek approval from the Foreign Investment review Board (FIRB). However, the proposed changes could raise questions because of the recent increase in Chinese equity investments and takeovers, especially in the resources sector, at a time when Beijing has accumulated $US1. 7 trillion in foreign exchange reserves (cited from Rudd mat give investment rights). On the contrary, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd’s moves have raised questions from among observers like former Trade Adviser to the Chinese government, John McDonnell. John McDonnell said â€Å"The Prime Minister needs to clarify the nature of his connections with the Chinese Government and how they are likely to affect Australian interests and policies. † Moreover, John McDonnell has raised two things that the government and Prime Minister shall do to drive- away suspicions in the relationship of Australia and China. The first is the need to dispel the idea that the Prime Ministers or his ministers have behind-the scenes connections with Chinese interests. This is brought by the obscurity of government’s relationship with Australia- Beijing Technology. According to Mc Donnell, the nature of the business is not clarified to the public. The second is the need to clarify the extent of the government and the Prime Minister’s willingness to deal with an essentially corrupt, and grace-and-favour Chinese regime. According to McDonnell; â€Å"China remains a country without a fundamental legal structure. Its constitution amounts to a set of directives from the central government to the various organs and agencies as to how policy will be conducted. There are no guarantees of the sort embodied in the US constitution. It looks more like a set of cabinet than a basic law. ’ Moreover, Rowan Callick asserted in John McDonnell’s article, that party cadres who have been trained abroad and who have taken over state-owned enterprises. There is doubt that Australia, a democratic government, might not go well in business with a nation where Communism type of government is adhered. State-ownership may still be the core objective of China despite it’s participation in international affairs. In addition, John McDonnell stated that Government shall make it clear that if it does not get what it believes is a reasonable outcome from the FTA negotiations, then it will rely on the multilateral system to implement its policy objectives. This makes it clear that John McDonnell doubts that Australia will benefit from the free trade agreement. Momentarily, Prime Minister criticized the human right policy over Tibetans of China in his speech delivered in mandarin in Peking University. Some have given applause while others raised their eyebrows. According to Stuart Harris, former head of the Department of Foreign Affairs, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd’s speech was very clever while some says that it passed the test with considerable tact and skill. However, many also criticized his bold move by criticizing and at the same time building free trade with China. According to Dr. Malcolm Cook, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd could best influence China if the criticism was done behind closed doors. In the article of Toy and Grattan, China asserted that Tibetans are bestowed with wonderful human rights protection and the issue on Tibet is purely an internal affair that does not welcome any interference form foreign countries. In defense, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd stressed that his speech is an advice from a true friend. The Prime Minister said that a true friend can be a partner who sees beyond immediate benefit to a broader and firm basis for continuing, profound and sincere friendship. This issue raised the doubts and suspicion on the foreign policy of Prime Minister by entering a friendly relation and at the same time criticizing the nations’ policy. Nevertheless, the criticism did not weaken the plan of the two countries of becoming a long- term partner. Furthermore, the very essential factor that binds the two countries in entering into a friendly relation is the issue on climate change. It can be noted that Australia is playing a major role in addressing the issue on Global Warming. According to Grattan’s and Nicholson’s article, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd wanted to persuade the Chinese to play a bigger part on climate change. This would give China a crucial role in the coming international negotiations for a new agreement on climate change. According to Climate Change Minister Penny Wong, Australia and China have a common interest in finding lower carbon solution for coal which means developing a carbon capture and storage mechanism. Moreover, both leaders committed o wok more closely on climate change, particularly in the area of the development of low emission technology (cited from Rudd again raises Tibet issue with China). Notably, Australia has a significant coal export in China for the latter’s energy needs and coal is one among the elements that causes greenhouse effects causing climate change. In finding a solution to climate change, China plays an important role. As agreed, Australia has committed to fund $20 million in finding solutions for climate change. The funding will cover the researches in putting up a clean coal technology and collaboration on carbon sequestration. This will lower carbon emissions and at the same time address the energy needs of the world. Significantly, Australia and China will develop the world’s largest solar city through Australia’s funding. Both countries will also monitor the health of the Yellow, Pearl and Da Ling rivers in China. These are the plans of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd that he is proposing to China (cited from Australia to aid China’s solar city plan). According to Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, Australia have come a long way and can go further. Building friendly relation with China will not only benefit both countries on economy because investors from both countries will have business opportunity. The most essential effect of the relation would be the goal of both countries on issue on climate change. At present, all nations of the world are aware of the climate change but have no significant actions have been taken yet to deal with the problem. However, through the partnership of Australia and China, the global problem will be given solution which will effectively benefit not just Australians and Chinese but also all people of the world. How to cite Australia And China Relations, Papers

Kinds of Orchestral and Instrumental Works †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Kinds of Orchestral and Instrumental Works. Answer: Introduction The 20th Century music was characterized by different kinds of orchestral and instrumental works along with different genres of music like the operas, choral, ballets, symphonies and other similar. This century did not have a dominant or a particular type of music. There were various kinds of and genres of music that had been featuring the 20th century musical scenario. People were responding to all kinds of musical styles, and artists were using their own independence to innovate[1]. In the previous century there were various types of music depending on the themes such as Modernism, impressionism and post-romanticism. In the early 20th Century the styles that were introduced were Neo classicism and expressionism. The primary genre and theme that dominated music during the turn of the century was Romanticism. After the starting of the new century the Post Romantic phase begun. The impressionist movement in art started around this time itself. The person behind the idea was Claude Debussy, this was mainly developed in France. The composers namely Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss were composing Symphonic music in the post romantic era, whereas Maurice Ravel had been experimenting with which was mainly based on impressionist ideals. The Romantic era was starting to be replaced by the post romantic ideas. The three works chosen in this case are Three pieces of Orchestra by Alban Berg, Anton Weberns, 5 Stze Fr Streichquartett, and Ameriques by Edgard Varese. In music Tonality is the arrangement or the placement of the musical notes and pitches in a series of hierarchy which have relation and directionality[2]. The tonality of the music or the arrangement of the notes make sure that the final sound that is being heard by the listener is having a balance and appeal. The first mention and analysis of tonality was made by Jean Phillipe Rameau in his Treatise on Harmony in the year 1722. In the period of early 20th Century the tonality that prevailed all along through the years starting from the 17th Century was broken. The analysis of tonality at this period is problematic because the system was now not following any principles or system. Ambiguous and unpredictable chords were used, harmonic arrangement was not probable, the melodies that were now designed were unusual. Listening of the new kind of music of the early 20th Century followed no proper harmony of notes and unusual effects were the characteristic feature of the period[3]. There were no restrictions of how the tonality must be utilized in the musical system to bring uniformity. This was the time when it was seen that the triadic structure is not really necessary for generating a particular tone, non-triadic may be made to function in the same way as well. The work by Berges called the Three pieces for orchestra. The musical instruments used in the particular piece are 4 flutes, 4 Oboes, 4 clarinets, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, 6 horns, 4 trumpets, 4 trombones. 1 tuba, 4 timpani, 4 percussions, 2 harps. And a number of strings, violins, and violas. All these musical instruments were used in various scales and various unusual methods. This work became a revolutionary work of the artist. This came about from his idea of composing a purely orchestral master piece. The initial two of the three pieces were debuted on 5 June 1923 amid an "Austrian Music Week" in Berlin, led by Anton Webern. The primary execution of the entire work (which requires gigantic symphonic powers) was not given until 14 April 1930, after Berg had modified it, in Oldenburg; his companion and student Johannes Schler was the director. With respect to music creation crosswise over most melodic types, there are two primary strategies that composers ordinarily take after. Harmonic structure and melodic sythesis. Normally, an author is more talented at both of these techniques. Following symphonious arrangement, the author will initially settle on the harmony movement, and the tune will take after in this manner. This is most likely the 'simpler' of the work courses, as there are boundless effective harmony movements that one can source, reference to or take after, which have just been set up in particular melodic classifications[4]. When following harmony creation, one doesn't need to 'reexamine' the melodic wheel - in the event that one needs to make a 12-bar blues, for instance, the harmony movement is as of now given. The test as author lies more with picking the instrumentation and voice-driving inside the harmony movement. Anton Webern: 5 Stze Fr Streichquartett, Webern had composed these pieces in the year of 1909. He was not much influenced by the existing musical genres and styles. Hence the composer has endeavored in coming out of tradition to compose these pieces. The classic or traditional conventions are opposed in the 5 Stze Fr Streichquartett. In the middle of the total composition is a very high pitched work, a distorted tonal variation, that is somewhat unusual, and the composer also takes inspiration from earlier works such as with damper" , "Pizzicato", "on the bridge" or "col legno" (painted with the wood of the bow). The first notes appears to be very traditional because of the antithetic. The final climax of the music contrasts highly with the first part and these are not limited to the limits anymore. The basic characteristics of this work are its static sound surfaces, the preference of dissonant intervals such as tritone and major seventh in melody and harmony, the alienation of the natural string sound and the wavering between brutal aggressiveness. The work was edited by Webern in 1928 and the plasticity was improved and the clarity of the composition was renewed as well[5]. Edgard Varse's Amriques is an instrumental arrangement that is scored for a vast, sentimental symphony with extra percussion (for eleven entertainers) including sirens. Composed in the vicinity of 1918 and 1921 and overhauled in 1927, it was the main work Varse formed after he moved to the United States[6]. The work is in one development which keeps going around 23 minutes, with full instrumental association nearly all through. Despite the fact that it opens unobtrusively, it rapidly works in unique power and is punctuated by enormous crescendos which are comparable in style to those found in Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring yet on a substantially bigger scale. The work is set apart by its savagely noisy harmonies and musically complex polyphonies for percussion and winds. It creates in constant advancement with repeating short themes, which are compared without improvement. Conclusion Till a considerable length of time, instrumental music had either been made by singing, or utilizing mechanical music advancements, for example, drawing a bow over a string that is hung on an empty instrument or culling showed gut or metal strings (string instruments), tightening vibrating air (woodwinds and metal) or hitting a comment cadenced sounds (percussion instruments). In the mid twentieth century, electronic gadgets were concocted that were equipped for producing sound electronically, without an underlying mechanical wellspring of vibration. As ahead of schedule as the 1930s, authors, for example, Olivier Messiaen consolidated electronic instruments into live execution. While sound chronicle innovation is regularly connected with the key part it played in empowering the creation and mass promoting of prominent music, new electric and electronic sound account innovation was utilized to deliver workmanship music, too. The main challenge for analysis of music from this period is the non-uniform pattern of music and their tonal variation. The use of uncertain and strange instruments and sudden effects make them hard to explain but good to perceive or hear. References: MacDonald, Malcolm.Varse: astronomer in sound. Kahn Averill Publishers, 2003. Phull, Hardeep.Story behind the protest song: a reference guide to the 50 songs that changed the 20th century. Greenwood, 2015. Rosen, Charles. "Freedom of interpretation in twentieth-century music." InComposition, Performance, Reception, pp. 66-73. Routledge, 2017. Seeger, Anthony. "Music of Struggle and Protest in the 20th Century." InSpringer Handbook of Systematic Musicology, pp. 1029-1042. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2018. Straus, Joseph N.Introduction to post-tonal theory. WW Norton Company, 2016. Webern, Anton.Fnf Stze fr Streichquartett: op. 5. Philharmonia Partituren in der Universal Edition, 1949.

The Two Voices Of The Seafarer Essays - Christian Poetry

The Two Voices Of The Seafarer The Two Voices of The Seafarer There is much argument in the literary field as to whether there is more than one speaker in the Old English poem The Seafarer. In this brief essay we will look at some of the previous criticisms of the last two centuries, and through them attempt to prove that the speaker of the poem is the same one throughout. The author of The Seafarer is unknown. Its manuscript is untitled and unique, and is thought to have been inscribed around 975 AD. It survives on four pages of the Exeter Anthology which was given to the Exeter Cathedral in England, by the Archbishop Leofric, who died in 1072 AD. The Seafarer is a poem about an Anglo-Saxon man who, having apparently been banished from his home, has taken to the sea. John Pope, one of the foremost critics of the poem, postulated, and it is now generally accepted, that it is composed of three parts. Part A1, covering lines 1 through 33a, is believed to be the story of an inexperienced young sailor who tells of his hardships at sea. Part A2, lines 33b to 64a or 66a, and part B, 64b or 66b through 124, is told by an eager young sailor who loves the sea. An epilogue is usually believed to be contained in lines 103 through 124 (Pope, 177). Jove Popes greatest critical adversary, Stanley Greenfield, believed that A1 is details a voyage the speaker was forced to undergo, and that the purpose of A2 is to emphasize the speakers choice to undertake a current journey (Greenfield, 107). The poem begins by telling us of how the young seafarer has often suffered times of hardship / and have experienced / bitter anxiety. He is journeying into a world of loneliness and a destiny away from his comitatus, his meadhall, and his lord. At times he despises his life at sea: Oppressed by cold my feet were bound by frost / In icy bonds, while worries simmered hot / About my heart, and hunger from within / Tore the sea-weary spirit... (The Seafarer, Line 8). At others, he celebrates it: ...Even now my heart / Journeys beyond its confines, and my thoughts / Over the sea, across the whale's domain, / Travel afar the regions of the earth, / And then come back to me with greed and longing. / The cuckoo cries, incites the eager breast / On to the whales roads irresistibly, / Over the wide expanses of the sea, (The Seafarer, Line 58). In Anglo-Saxon society a warrior believed in lof: he received glory by his valor in battle; his accomplishments in life. If his deeds were sufficiently notable his name would live on long after he died, granting him immortality. The Seafarer believes that Sickness, old age, the sword, each one of these/ May end the lives of doomed and transient men. / Therefore for every warrior the best / Memorial is the praise of living men (The Seafarer, Line 68). Halfway through the poem we see a drastic turn. Part A has mentioned almost nothing spiritual, only speaking of the hard life of a man who lives at sea. In the beginning of part B, in line 64b, however, he changes his thus far Anglo-Saxon tone to that of a pious Christian: Because the joys of God mean more to me / Than this dead transitory life on land. The conversion of Anglo-Saxon England was relatively quick. It went from a culture which had a comitatus conscience to one that was dominated by an individual, Christian conscience. Even during his musings on God, the speaker still laments The singing gull instead of mead in hall (The Seafarer, 23), the loss of dear friends, (The Seafarer, 15), and the lord he once had. At times it seems like the poet is attempting to reconcile the tensions between the two different cultures. In one of the first know criticisms of the poem, Max Rieger in 1869 postulated that the poem is of one writer and speaks of a dialogue between two individuals; an eager young sailor and an older more cautious one (Rieger, 313). He believed that the

Research Paper on George Washington

Research Paper on George Washington George Washington’s presidency had a great effect on the future government, as well as on America’s actions at the time. He made some great decisions, whereas some others might not have been the best for our country at the time. The nation was just starting out at the time, and he had to choose which actions would be best for both the current time and the future. He had to set an example through wars, rebellions, and treaties, preserving our country along with his own opinions. I think one of George Washington’s greater achievements was during the Whiskey Rebellion. He was the first man to send his own army after U.S. citizens at this time. The farmers were killing tax collectors in protest of the whiskey taxes, and George Washington believed it wasn’t an appropriate method of protest. A wig in the time capsules symbolized this action. I think this was a great achievement because Washington set an example by showing the citizens not to go against the government’s decisions. Another achievement was George Washington’s agreement to move the nation’s capital to Washington D.C. Citizens from the South refused to pay bonds that should have been paid for by the North, so the nation’s capital was moved from New York City to a place that would be more convenient for both areas, and close to the Potomac River. In the time capsule this was represented by a picture of Washington D.C. as the new capital. This was a great achievement because it pleased both areas in the nation at the time, and provided a capital that seemed even more convenient overall. One of George Washington’s final achievements was included in his farewell speech. Represented in the time capsule by a sign with names of the two current political parties, George Washington mentioned that he didn’t want there to be a division between the two political parties at the time. Today, members of the opposite leading political parties get into major disagreements about their views, and this is the opposite of what Washington wanted. If his words were taken into consideration today, the country would be able to find a happy medium between the Democrat and Republican parties today. While George Washington had some great achievements, his presidency had some adversities as well. One adversity in particular was when he signed Jay’s Treaty. He didn’t agree with some of it, and thought the British deserved more punishment, but he signed it to get the situation out of the way. If he’d encouraged changes in it and refused to sign, the treaty would end up complying with the average citizen’s opinions, as well as his own. This was represented in the time capsule with a picture of Washington. A significant event involving adversity was the Battle of Falling Timbers. This battle took place between the United States, Britain, and Indians. George Washington wanted more land to be a part of the country, but the British joined the battle and sided with the Indians. In the end, the United States won, and the British had to pay for the boats they’d taken and damaged. This was represented by a map of Ohio, where the battle took place, and a boat, which showed the damages the British had to pay for. George Washington faced a lot of pressure when he was President, because he had to make decisions that would influence a great deal of the county in the future. He made some bad decisions, but some of them turned out to be reasonable. It was his job to solve certain problems that required him to carry through with things he didn’t necessarily believe in, and smooth over unfortunate events during his terms as President, but he successfully set a precedent for future traditions and ideas in the government. You can also order a custom essay, term paper, thesis, dissertation or research paper on George Washington from our professional custom writing service which provides high-quality custom written papers. Here is a list of the most popular research paper topics on George Washington:   George Washington: Achievements and Adversities time capsule items   George Washington vs. Benjamin Franklin   Biography of George Washington Carver   Honest Graft: The World of George Washington Plunkitt   The Writings of George Mason, Eleanor Parker Custis Lewis, and George Washington

Orginizational Development The Process of leading Organizational Essay

Orginizational Development The Process of leading Organizational Change Case Study 6 & 7 - Essay Example The new Hire will work under the Human Resource Management officer generalist. The new employee will focus on career planning, compensation, etc. each group. The client feels the change culture has been managed well at this point. The client, Susan, segregates the Human Resource employees under different functions. The functions include sales and marketing (Paula Washington), Linda Andrews (Software Engineering), and Matthew Williams (Distribution). Each group is helped by a subordinate support team. The new model serves the different internal departments running the entity’s ASP Software business. Each group will have more focus on different assigned tasks. Susan focuses on people reduction to save on salary and other related expenses (Anderson, 2011). In addition, the management team feels happy with the organizational design and culture, especially employee reduction. The company is able to save on salary expenses. The company will save on other related exp enses. Management will increase profits with the reduction. However, the employees have anxiety over the reduction. They feel they may be included among the â€Å"retrenched† employees. The fear change may disadvantage them. The job change will cause stress as the employees learn their new job responsibilities. Susan has done segregating the employees under one homogenous function to improve the quality of its services. One department is called Corporate Functions. Another department is Distribution. A third department is Sales and Marketing (Anderson, 2011). However, Susan should have done differently. Susan should have instituted a brainstorming session. The brain storming session allows all affected persons to contribute their suggestions. Everybody is free to contribute their criticisms and disappointments. An intervention strategy is highly recommended to Susan to improve the current organizational chart’s effectiveness and

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'Is George W. Bush the Worst President in American History' - Essay Example This paper will accomplish this by contrasting a pro-Bush article by Conrad Black, George W. Bush, FDR, and History, and The Worst President in History?, an anti-Bush article by Sean Wilentz. The paper will then assess the Bush Presidency’s foreign and domestic record in an effort to resolve to this debate. Conrad Black asserts that Bush has the opportunity to rise to the historical prominence of Franklin D. Roosevelt whose domestic programs helped to bring the country out of The Depression and foreign policy was instrumental in the winning of World War II. Sean Wilentz rates Bush alongside Herbert Hoover, the presidency that is blamed for the Depression, the impeached Andrew Johnson and the ineffectual James Buchanan. Black claims that it is ‘nonsense’ that the military and foreign policy debacle of Iraq can be compared to Vietnam. He suggests this because, unlike Vietnam, Congress authorized the invasion of Iraq and observes that the casualty rate of the Iraq war, as compared to Vietnam, is markedly lower, although he doesn’t mention that the rate of severely injured is much higher. Wilentz disagrees saying that the two conflicts are very similar in that they are both foreign conflicts, have each been seemingly unending and un-winnable. The only major difference is that the prestige and credibility of the U.S. has suffered greater damage and terrorist actions against Western nations have been exacerbated as a result of the Iraq invasion and occupation. Black states that the Bush administration has experienced successes in the ‘war on terrorism’ although he admits the critical intelligence failures prior to the attacks of September 11, 2001; again prior to the military incursion and yet again in the early phases of occupation in Iraq. He suggests that these mistakes will be forgotten when Iraq becomes a stable, democratic nation. Wilentz decries not only the numerous

Business math project Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business math project - Speech or Presentation Example d function implies that if the competitors come together into a merger, the resultant monopolist product may not have more brands than the merged firm may, because more brand competition is internal. Nevertheless, it is not likely that just a single brand will be developed after the competitors’ merger. Producing more brands with a wide range of prices and properties is one technique for breaking up the market demand into sets of different clients with a variety of price elasticity, which also serves to stimulate the overall market demand. The monopolist product function is made up of the quantity or the number of brands in the market, the average cost per unit of the brands produced and the price or the value of the product brands. The questions will thus be solved by inputting the prices in the Mathematica codes and then applying the demand function below: to generate the 2 dimensional plotting of the first question. In the second question, the data input in Mathematica code s will be the quantity of products. In Question 3, the data input will be the same as in question 1 but will have a fixed price of 1 in calculating the demand elasticity. Question 4 will be treated in the same way as question 2 but will have a fixed quantity of 1 to calculating the marginal cost. Question 5 will calculate the profit function as the difference between the price and the marginal cost of the products. The sixth question will produce the 3D plots of the profit function, with two input variables, the prices and the product quantities. From this, it will be possible to locate the maximum profit to answer question 9, and select the quantity and the price that produces it, to answer question 7 and 8 respectively. The study was successful in testing all the numerical questions presented. From the results generated, it was clearly evident that the price and the demand were inversely proportional. As the price increased, the demand for the products was seen to be reducing. At the same

Integrated Project Delivery Process (IPD) Management

Integrated Project Delivery Process (IPD) Management 1.3 Aims and Objectives The overall aim of the project is to managing project communication in IPD process by selection of team which include owner, architecture, builder and management of project through tools and techniques. To analyse how project manager with different cultural back ground and have managed communication on integrated project delivery process in off-site construction projects. The objectives of the project are: To develop an overview of integrated project delivery using effective communication. To enhance project inter-relationships by effective selection of team members To review the contractual agreements in IPD process to improve the standard communication between single to multi-party contracts. To identify key factors that improve project communication in integrated project delivery process. Abstract The increasing global nature of manufactured construction projects has highlighted the importance of communication and the new challenges it brings to project execution. This paper explores the ability of project managers in UK and India in communicating effectively on integrated project delivery process (IPD) in off-site construction projects. This study examines the factors that influence communication and explores how communication can be made effective in integrated project delivery environments. Using data from 5 interviews in and UK and India, analysing the results shows that communications within off-site construction project environments can be effective when project managers demonstrate an awareness of traditional variation. Participants further highlighted that, one of the critical components of integrated project delivery process is the creation and development of effective collectivism, trust, communication and empathy in leadership. The study underscores an urgent need f or future research to investigate effective guidelines or strategies for effective communication in IPD project teams. Introduction:- This study presents a balance between the experiences of project managers from a UK and India. The study aimed to explore how project managers with different cultural background have managed communications In Integrated project delivery process in off-site construction projects. Specifically, the study was designed to explore the efficiency of communications strategies in off-site construction engineering projects. The scope of the research must be carefully designed and controlled so that meaningful and manageable data can be collected, thus research tends to be focused on one particular event or one aspect of communication. This research provides advice on how communication can be improved in integrated project delivery process in off-site construction. Improvements in communication should result in an increase in the quality of the build and a reduction in the level of defect occurrence. The successful completion of the project depends on the accuracy and timing of communication exchange between the project team. The inefficiency of the current communication practice has become a barrier to the innovation in off-site construction processes. Research efforts and direction in the industry, however, have since changed. Several research studies are now focusing on integration of the construction and communication processes through standardization of data, taking advantage of evolving computer technologies. Why in uk and rest of the world? Layout of the Project:- Chapter 2:-Literature review:- This chapter includes all the literatures based on previous journals to improve communication In Integrated project delivery process, and using different tools like BIM Chapter 3:- Theoretical background:- This chapter includes all the required theories research for present study like change in Project Communication levels, response analysis for project communication in off-site construction. Chapter 4:-analysis:- In this chapter, a force response analysis is carried out by considering communication and also by adding integrated project delivery possibility of identification of communication by using BIM is exploded. Chapter 5:- Conclusion:- This chapter concludes the results, observations and future work required of the project. Literature Review Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This Chapter is the overall content of the literature review carried out and analysed by the author. This gives the overall understanding of the dissertation. Initially, the place of research (UK and India) is given a brief introduction, which helps the international readers to get a geographical idea of the location. The major to improve the communication in integrated project delivery (IPD) process development initiatives and the roles played are discussed thoroughly. The overall content of the dissertation can be described as the combined result of analysis, comparison and criticism on existing IPD practices in the UK and India. The final conclusion is given with the collective results of the overall study. 2.2 Introduction of integrated project delivery process in UK 2.3 Introduction of integrated project delivery process in India For over 150 years, members of the American Institute of Architects have worked with them and their communities to create more valuable, healthy, safe and sustainable buildings and cityscapes. By using sustainable design practices, materials and techniques, AIA architects are uniquely poised to provide leadership and guidance needed to provide solutions to address climate change. AIA architects walk the walk on sustainable design. Visit www.aia.org / walkthewalk. In 2007 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) National and AIA California Council published the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Guide. The Guide defines IPD as a project delivery approach that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication, and constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The AIA Guide aims to provide a general guidance for owners, designers and contractors to use integrated models to improved design, construction, and operation processes. Practitioners may apply the principles and techniques described in the Guide to any model on any project to achieve a more integrated project. However, certain characteristics of a particular delivery model or project may influence the level of integration that can be achieved. Selection of Primary Team Members (PTM) (i.e., owner, architect, and builder) who can make strategic decisions for the project and has the most valuable input for the rest of the collaboration team members. The research uses PTMs to be distinguished from other subcontractors and suppliers. American Institute of Architects (AIA) National and AIA California Council also explain how to select the initial project team with the six case studies in the report includes Autodesk inc, ACE solutions division headquarters in waltham, MA, sutter health Fairfield medical office building in Fairfield, California, expansion cardinal Glennon childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hospital in St Louis, MO, Santa Clara Health centre Fenton, MO,Surrounding Ambulatory Health Centre in Appleton, WAS, and the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism, Arizona State University in Phoenix. All participants were selected based on their compliance with the criteria of IPD, including Mutual trust and respect among participants Collaborative innovation Enhanced early planning Open communication in the project team Building Information Modelling (BIM) Support the principles of design, construction and operations Co-location of equipment Transparent finances http://buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/ipd-national-study-of-integrated-project-delivery-method-demonstrates-efficiencies-and-cost-effectiveness/ Autodesk spent years trying different types of relationships with other design professionals and contractors to find a more effective project delivery process. Ultimately, they developed a relational contracting approach they called Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). By using a relational partnering agreement, IPD aligns the interests of all the PTMs into a common goal. By using the risk/reward sharing mechanism IPD fosters full collaboration and teamwork between the PTMs so that they can work as an integrated team. Typically the IPD team consists of several independent companies for temporary bidding and performing of construction projects. It includes an architect, a general contractor (GC), a mechanical contractor, an electrical contractor, a plumbing contractor, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) engineer. These companies are also referred to as PTMs to be distinguished from other subcontractors and suppliers. PTMs in IPD projects may vary from project to project. Baiden et al., (2010) defined that Communication is essential for the efficient performance of any team especially in construction projects due to skill requirements. The challenge is to ensure that the right information reaches the right person at the right time. Other challenges within the construction project team environment including the alignment of attitudes conflicting with that of the project team and the acceptance more than the compliance of members to share a common vision with the leadership, which is often, imposed by the terms the contract, especially in the early stages of the project. Author also explains that Team integration should be an objective because it leads to efficiency of the delivery process and cost effectiveness through elimination of waste. Competitiveness and profitability are increased which enable firms to deliver better value for money and meet clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs. In the long-term, integration leads to competiveness as a result of incr eased ability to deliver value for money and better returns on investments in a competitive environment Emmitt and Gorse (2007) have shown that, for factual data transfer, a number of communication problems have been addressed due to the development of rapid global information systems and telecommunications, however, when it comes to off-site projects many issues remain unresolved. For example, the loss of face-to-face communication can lead to misunderstanding and the loss of non-verbal signals such as eye contact and body language. This can subsequently lead to difficulty in achieving mutual trust and confidence within off-site construction project. It is also difficult to manage or supervise off-site projects without face-to-face contact or to confer or develop relationships (Weatherley, 2006). 4.E.G. Ochieng a,, A.D.F. Price b. (2010). Managing cross-cultural communication in multicultural construction project teams: The case of Kenya and UK.  International Journal of Project Management. 28 (1), 449-460. E.G. Ochieng a et al defined the ability of project managers in Kenya and the UK in communicating effectively on multicultural projects. The study examines the cultural factors that influence communication and explores how communication can be made effective in multicultural project environments. Using data from interviews in Kenya and UK , the results show that communications within multicultural project environments can be effective when project managers demonstrate an awareness of cultural variation. Participants further highlighted that, one of the critical components of building multicultural project teams is the creation and development of effective cross cultural collectivism, trust, communication and empathy in leadership. The study underscores an urgent need for future research to investigate effective guidelines or strategies for effective collectivism and communication in off-site construction industry. Turner,2003) defined as Projects are uncertain and so the process for their delivery often cannot be precisely determined from the start. The project manager needs to be empowered to adapt the process as the project develops (Huemann et al., 2004). Also, the purpose of organizing a project should be to create a cooperative, collaborative context for the parties to work in. Levitt and March (1995) say about organizing anything, routine operation or project: Buntrock (2001) introduced 4 models of design development typically found on projects in Japan based on: (1) project participants that are responsible or provide input for each design phase, (2) influence of construction considerations on design development, (3) aesthetic innovation found in components, and (4) performance innovation found in components or systems. Table 4 lists project participant involvement during each design phase to provide a comparative measure for the degree of coordination and collaboration found in our case studies. In particular, Model 4 involving architect, fabricator, and contractor input during all phases of design seems most promising in terms of facilitating innovation inWorkStructuring. Buntrock, D. (2001). Japanese Architecture as a Collaborative Process: Opportunities in a Flexible Construction Culture. Spon Press, New York, 182 pp. Dawood.N et al describes a collaborative research study being undertaken between the University of Teesside and an international contracting organisation based in the UK. The goal of the research is to develop a methodology and a system that will ease and improve communication and exchange of data and information between the construction project team. The author describes reports on an IT-based tool for site document management as a first phase of the storage and distribution of project documents between the construction project team. The structure and development of the system are described with reports of its implementation and performance on the site. This result shows how the available IT facilities can be exploited to improve communication within the whole of the construction supply chain. Optimum utilisation of already available IT can clearly improve the construction processes with accrued benefits. Dawood.N,Akinsola.A,Hobbs.B.(2002).Development of automated communication of system for managing site information using internet technology. Automation in Construction. 11 (3), 552-572. Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction to the Chapter This chapter explains the research process and approach towards the project. It also highlights the data generation method, risks and limitations of the dissertation. The research done in this dissertation is similar to research process done by Thomas, Nelson and Silverman (2005). Primary source of data ? The information referenced in this literature review, has been taken from different books, published papers .The most of the published papers in journals which have been mentioned in this chapter were taken from two electronic databases Emerald Full text and Business Source Premier (EBSCO). The access to these databases has been through the website of the Salford University Library. The keywords used during this research were communication in integrated project delivery process, project management, multifunctional team communication, project oriented tools like BIM in construction industry, contractors, contract, type of contracts, payment terms for contractors, Secondary source of data ? Why Interview ? Why not questionnaire? The main form of data collection comprised semi-structured interviews with project managers in UK and India the companies involved have construction and professional expertise and experience. The results were particularly important in this study as the participants were selected from a different organisations and project environments. The sample was designed to achieve both UK and Indian companies involved have construction and professional experience of project communication in off-site construction projects. In order to investigate the factors that influenced project communication it was necessary to have a range of organisations in terms of status, size, and projects managed. The five organisations that were selected, where 5 of the participants interviewed, operated in the construction sector. The selected organisations were well balanced in terms of projects managed. In general terms there was a link between the existence of project work and the type of projects undertaken. The five participants were selected on the basis of their project management experience, with each having long-standing familiarity in managing large and complex projects over a period of many years. Each participant provided information regarding the heavy engineering projects they had managed outside UK and India construction industry. Interviewee variety is essential to the quality of data obtained in qualitative research. In this study, the aim of interviewee variety was to explore a diverse proportion of expert views from successful senior project managers on project communication within the UK and india heavy construction industry. The main advantage of this model is that each participant had worked on projects in developing countries. This allowed me to focus in depth on the experiences of each participant. This was particularly important because the research subject data available in worldwide construction and the UK. The participants worked in various types of organisation formations and project arrangements. All participants had a practical understanding of management Interviews were conducted in research to understand the intervieweeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective so that our selection becomes a role in the richness and depth of information obtained.  In this research, interviews sought to harness the expertise and the selection of interviewees was done to reduce biasness and controversy as the definition of a successful project manager continues to generate considerable debate and controversy.  Traditional criteria of success have also been argued as being too simplistic in todays context complex construction project environment (Dainty et al.2003). Dainty, A.R.J., Cheng, M.-I., Moore, D.R., 2003. Redefining performance measures for construction project managers: an empirical evaluation. Construction Management and Economics 21 (2), 209à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"218. An approach to semi-structured interview was used to allow  flow depth and without information from respondents.   The flexible nature also encouraged respondents to participate  full and complete (Fellows and Liu,  2003 Patton, 2002; Schensul et al., 1999).   A combination  strategy was adopted during the interview increased  wealth of data collected.  The strategy follows  presentation by Patton (2002) that the interview three main  approaches: Informal conversation, Interview guide;   Standardized open-ended and not mutually exclusive.   An interview guide was adopted to ensure that all issues  be explored were covered during the interviews  lasted between 45 min and 90 min.  The guide also encouraged  preparation by the respondents and ensured that all  five directors focused on similar topics.  The  restriction imposed on an interview guide was used,  however, removed to allow respondents to more elaborate  on issues that were relevant and important to the performance  Team project implementation through informal conversation  and open questions.  This combination  even more flexible approach of the interviews and  allowed for data relevant to the practices  team integration and collaborative practices met  in a relaxed atmosphere. Case studies were employed to validate the findings. This yielded a better consistency of the findings since it allowed a systematic comparison of different organisations by exploring different management features and examining different levels of behavioural variables involved. Employing various data collection methods provided a complete picture of the issue under investigation. There was a logical progression to the order of the parent codes. This was an attempt to ensure that the main objectives of the study were met. Once this phase was complete, we took each topic in turn and inserted the relevant interview extracts. The analysis continued until data had been reduced amply to enable conclusions to be drawn from the coded data. The findings are presented below, where appropriate illustrative quotations drawn from the interview transcripts have been used to convey participants view. Findings Key dimensions of differences on communication behaviours drawn from participants in Worldwide and UK were used to collate the main attributes deemed to be the most important for 0ff-site construction projects. The reported results present generalised findings based on the 5interviews. The results are presented below under headings drawn from the analysis. Analysis Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results 4.1 Introduction to the chapter In this study we analyse that communication is viewed as a professional practice where suitable tools and regulations can be applied in order to improve the utility of the data communicated, and is a social process of interaction between individuals. 4.2 Results and Analysis The Results and analysis of this project are arranged as the following questionnaire and the relevant answers from different people through interviews are as follows. Selection of team Teams are used in organisations in most sectors and industries due to the recognition that they are able to outperform individuals acting alone, especially when performance requires multiple skills and judgements Integrated project delivery is a response to the extensive cooperation necessary for 21st century complex projects to be influenced by multiple levels of people organizations. Since it is new, there is a tendency to adjust the focus with each new project. But overall, it works the companies selected for the key project of forming a group that includes the Owner, the AE, MC and may include other key consultants or builders. Usually a single sign, multiparty contract with the owner to form one or more committees of management. The core team establishes a set of project goals, cost, time and quality. Typically, there is emphasis on BIM continuous improvement. IPD is a powerful concept, but it makes more sense when a high degree of cooperation we want, when the importance of the project will capture the attention of major business leaders and when the owner is a leader capable of project delivery processes. IPD selection processes usually start traditional. Unless the Owner has ongoing relationships, the owner invites organizations present their qualifications, the list restricted to a small group and then have interviews. The tradition may end there. In general, interviews are not the typical Wood, PowerPoint show, and repeats followed by Q A-surface where the profits of the show. Its more like a workshop. The signature (s) under consideration may submit qualifications for a few minutes, but the rest of the time is spent without accessories. Discussion turned to the project and how to do it. Other topics of discussion, the companies are asked to evaluate the program and the initial plans. One of the objectives is to use the process to evaluate a companys inclination to work together innovative processes. Unless the teams are previously assembled, it is common affecting Principals in later selections. Whoever is selected in the first place, AE MC or its representative participates in the selection of others. Then both participate in the election code and Sub consultantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s subcontractors. Public Owner may not be able to include people who are not government employees as voting members of a selection committee but can make them feel in the process and provide feedback. In a collaborative environment that produces the same result. Project specifications and requirements This language is not common in recent IPD contracts. However, the contract usually defines clear project objectives with metrics to measure their achievement. The goals may include classic cost, schedule and quality, but other security objectives, sustainability, participation of small businesses, including minority employment. Some of the objectives (goals often very important) and the spirit of collaboration or the relationship between the relationships might not be measurable. As a result, some owners subjectively assess these issues. Management of teams and task division (multi-party contract) Management of Project team integration can be defined as where different disciplines or organisations with different goals, needs and cultures merge into a single cohesive and mutually supporting unit with collaborative alignment of processes and cultures (Baiden et al., 2010) The management of teams to manage current activities, problem solving, work planning, and anticipating the future challenges. The management teams include the owner and the top executives of each of the majors. Types of teams There may be several multi function teams. Senior Management Team (SMT):- Senior Management Team (SMT) may deal with global issues such as project delivery strategy, reallocation of equipment, changes of address or greater problems. A Committee of Operations or Project Management Team (PMT):- A Committee of Operations or Project Management Team (PMT) can deal with the coordination of everyday design, a major milestone IPD leadership comprising the sequence of decisions and passes the baton to the right person at the right time. Schedule, budget, compliance requirements and quality control, minor change orders. The Coordinating Committee on the Land or Project Implementation Team (PIT) adds Construction Superintendents Project managers and subcontractors active short-range management schedules, presentations, and RFIs. IPD In some projects, the owner reimburses each company at a cost. The companies can work within a guaranteed maximum. Management committee may adjust the distribution of labour within the warranty maximum. All feet are in the hands of a fire. A single group money is funding the entire project is divided into categories to costs, benefits and bonuses to the majors. Some owners have taken this concept and work for a EMC (estimated maximum cost). They argue that the EMC increases transparency and the concept of collaboration. And because central computer no longer under warranty, the owner no longer has the a hidden contingency costs inherent in that is a guarantee.8 useful concept for the convenience of the Owner with full confidence that, as team member he or she has a proper control to manage cost. Staff for personnel, bronze brass an important function of the management fee is the head conflicts. In traditional systems, when a problem project staff, driven by job security and human nature, see problem as the fault of the other organization. They explain their for middle managers. Oppose both climbing stories management organizations and polarize. Soon the leaders, led biased point of view, are angry at each other. A project of IPD usually involving organizations at multiple levels. If there is a problem at the operational level, middle management is together to hear both sides of the story and, if necessary, intensified higher levels of the organization. If the management committees not include the companys leaders are empowered to make decisions, IPD meets. Some companies, especially large firms avoid projects that require the participation of metals. If they do not fully delegate authority to the project team can not be suitable for a project of IPD. By contrast, many large companies A project delivery team include those who are key participants and involved in providing solutions that will meet the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements in the delivery process. The team, therefore, requires members to harness the potential of the processes associated with delivery efficiency Team integration requires a spirit of cooperation to overcome traditional adversarial attitudes and barriers. This requirement means that its members may have to cross traditional departmental or professional boundaries to share their ideas while negotiating conflict at work. The team also requires a competent leader with the ability to drive the overall optimum achievement of initial team goals Shared risk and reward A fully integrated project delivery team, as considered within this thesis, has a single project focus and objectives boundaries between individuals are diminished and team members work towards mutually beneficial outcomes through the free sharing of information. A new team identity is thus formed by the fully integrated team and achievements, failures and successes are collectively shared (Baiden et al., 2010) Division of project requirements between the teams Selection of techniques and tools Apply of tools and techniques Resolve technical issues Integrate the product In off-site construction, integration often refers to collaborative working practices, methods and behaviours that promote an environment where information is freely exchanged among the various parties. Within an integrated team environment various skills and knowledge are seen as shared, and traditional barriers separating the design process from construction activities are removed or marginalised to improve project (Baiden et al., 2010) Integration has been suggested as providing a demonstrable means of improving the effectiveness of teamwork and project delivery team performance (Baiden et al., 2010) Baiden,a. Bernard,K. Andrew D,F. Price b. (2010). The effect of integration on project delivery team effectiveness. International Journal of Project Management. 3 (2), 1-8. Quality checks and engineering works Deliver quality product Integrated Project Delivery Process (IPD) Management Integrated Project Delivery Process (IPD) Management 1.3 Aims and Objectives The overall aim of the project is to managing project communication in IPD process by selection of team which include owner, architecture, builder and management of project through tools and techniques. To analyse how project manager with different cultural back ground and have managed communication on integrated project delivery process in off-site construction projects. The objectives of the project are: To develop an overview of integrated project delivery using effective communication. To enhance project inter-relationships by effective selection of team members To review the contractual agreements in IPD process to improve the standard communication between single to multi-party contracts. To identify key factors that improve project communication in integrated project delivery process. Abstract The increasing global nature of manufactured construction projects has highlighted the importance of communication and the new challenges it brings to project execution. This paper explores the ability of project managers in UK and India in communicating effectively on integrated project delivery process (IPD) in off-site construction projects. This study examines the factors that influence communication and explores how communication can be made effective in integrated project delivery environments. Using data from 5 interviews in and UK and India, analysing the results shows that communications within off-site construction project environments can be effective when project managers demonstrate an awareness of traditional variation. Participants further highlighted that, one of the critical components of integrated project delivery process is the creation and development of effective collectivism, trust, communication and empathy in leadership. The study underscores an urgent need f or future research to investigate effective guidelines or strategies for effective communication in IPD project teams. Introduction:- This study presents a balance between the experiences of project managers from a UK and India. The study aimed to explore how project managers with different cultural background have managed communications In Integrated project delivery process in off-site construction projects. Specifically, the study was designed to explore the efficiency of communications strategies in off-site construction engineering projects. The scope of the research must be carefully designed and controlled so that meaningful and manageable data can be collected, thus research tends to be focused on one particular event or one aspect of communication. This research provides advice on how communication can be improved in integrated project delivery process in off-site construction. Improvements in communication should result in an increase in the quality of the build and a reduction in the level of defect occurrence. The successful completion of the project depends on the accuracy and timing of communication exchange between the project team. The inefficiency of the current communication practice has become a barrier to the innovation in off-site construction processes. Research efforts and direction in the industry, however, have since changed. Several research studies are now focusing on integration of the construction and communication processes through standardization of data, taking advantage of evolving computer technologies. Why in uk and rest of the world? Layout of the Project:- Chapter 2:-Literature review:- This chapter includes all the literatures based on previous journals to improve communication In Integrated project delivery process, and using different tools like BIM Chapter 3:- Theoretical background:- This chapter includes all the required theories research for present study like change in Project Communication levels, response analysis for project communication in off-site construction. Chapter 4:-analysis:- In this chapter, a force response analysis is carried out by considering communication and also by adding integrated project delivery possibility of identification of communication by using BIM is exploded. Chapter 5:- Conclusion:- This chapter concludes the results, observations and future work required of the project. Literature Review Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This Chapter is the overall content of the literature review carried out and analysed by the author. This gives the overall understanding of the dissertation. Initially, the place of research (UK and India) is given a brief introduction, which helps the international readers to get a geographical idea of the location. The major to improve the communication in integrated project delivery (IPD) process development initiatives and the roles played are discussed thoroughly. The overall content of the dissertation can be described as the combined result of analysis, comparison and criticism on existing IPD practices in the UK and India. The final conclusion is given with the collective results of the overall study. 2.2 Introduction of integrated project delivery process in UK 2.3 Introduction of integrated project delivery process in India For over 150 years, members of the American Institute of Architects have worked with them and their communities to create more valuable, healthy, safe and sustainable buildings and cityscapes. By using sustainable design practices, materials and techniques, AIA architects are uniquely poised to provide leadership and guidance needed to provide solutions to address climate change. AIA architects walk the walk on sustainable design. Visit www.aia.org / walkthewalk. In 2007 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) National and AIA California Council published the Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) Guide. The Guide defines IPD as a project delivery approach that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, and maximize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication, and constructionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The AIA Guide aims to provide a general guidance for owners, designers and contractors to use integrated models to improved design, construction, and operation processes. Practitioners may apply the principles and techniques described in the Guide to any model on any project to achieve a more integrated project. However, certain characteristics of a particular delivery model or project may influence the level of integration that can be achieved. Selection of Primary Team Members (PTM) (i.e., owner, architect, and builder) who can make strategic decisions for the project and has the most valuable input for the rest of the collaboration team members. The research uses PTMs to be distinguished from other subcontractors and suppliers. American Institute of Architects (AIA) National and AIA California Council also explain how to select the initial project team with the six case studies in the report includes Autodesk inc, ACE solutions division headquarters in waltham, MA, sutter health Fairfield medical office building in Fairfield, California, expansion cardinal Glennon childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hospital in St Louis, MO, Santa Clara Health centre Fenton, MO,Surrounding Ambulatory Health Centre in Appleton, WAS, and the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism, Arizona State University in Phoenix. All participants were selected based on their compliance with the criteria of IPD, including Mutual trust and respect among participants Collaborative innovation Enhanced early planning Open communication in the project team Building Information Modelling (BIM) Support the principles of design, construction and operations Co-location of equipment Transparent finances http://buildinginformationmanagement.wordpress.com/2010/03/04/ipd-national-study-of-integrated-project-delivery-method-demonstrates-efficiencies-and-cost-effectiveness/ Autodesk spent years trying different types of relationships with other design professionals and contractors to find a more effective project delivery process. Ultimately, they developed a relational contracting approach they called Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). By using a relational partnering agreement, IPD aligns the interests of all the PTMs into a common goal. By using the risk/reward sharing mechanism IPD fosters full collaboration and teamwork between the PTMs so that they can work as an integrated team. Typically the IPD team consists of several independent companies for temporary bidding and performing of construction projects. It includes an architect, a general contractor (GC), a mechanical contractor, an electrical contractor, a plumbing contractor, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) engineer. These companies are also referred to as PTMs to be distinguished from other subcontractors and suppliers. PTMs in IPD projects may vary from project to project. Baiden et al., (2010) defined that Communication is essential for the efficient performance of any team especially in construction projects due to skill requirements. The challenge is to ensure that the right information reaches the right person at the right time. Other challenges within the construction project team environment including the alignment of attitudes conflicting with that of the project team and the acceptance more than the compliance of members to share a common vision with the leadership, which is often, imposed by the terms the contract, especially in the early stages of the project. Author also explains that Team integration should be an objective because it leads to efficiency of the delivery process and cost effectiveness through elimination of waste. Competitiveness and profitability are increased which enable firms to deliver better value for money and meet clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs. In the long-term, integration leads to competiveness as a result of incr eased ability to deliver value for money and better returns on investments in a competitive environment Emmitt and Gorse (2007) have shown that, for factual data transfer, a number of communication problems have been addressed due to the development of rapid global information systems and telecommunications, however, when it comes to off-site projects many issues remain unresolved. For example, the loss of face-to-face communication can lead to misunderstanding and the loss of non-verbal signals such as eye contact and body language. This can subsequently lead to difficulty in achieving mutual trust and confidence within off-site construction project. It is also difficult to manage or supervise off-site projects without face-to-face contact or to confer or develop relationships (Weatherley, 2006). 4.E.G. Ochieng a,, A.D.F. Price b. (2010). Managing cross-cultural communication in multicultural construction project teams: The case of Kenya and UK.  International Journal of Project Management. 28 (1), 449-460. E.G. Ochieng a et al defined the ability of project managers in Kenya and the UK in communicating effectively on multicultural projects. The study examines the cultural factors that influence communication and explores how communication can be made effective in multicultural project environments. Using data from interviews in Kenya and UK , the results show that communications within multicultural project environments can be effective when project managers demonstrate an awareness of cultural variation. Participants further highlighted that, one of the critical components of building multicultural project teams is the creation and development of effective cross cultural collectivism, trust, communication and empathy in leadership. The study underscores an urgent need for future research to investigate effective guidelines or strategies for effective collectivism and communication in off-site construction industry. Turner,2003) defined as Projects are uncertain and so the process for their delivery often cannot be precisely determined from the start. The project manager needs to be empowered to adapt the process as the project develops (Huemann et al., 2004). Also, the purpose of organizing a project should be to create a cooperative, collaborative context for the parties to work in. Levitt and March (1995) say about organizing anything, routine operation or project: Buntrock (2001) introduced 4 models of design development typically found on projects in Japan based on: (1) project participants that are responsible or provide input for each design phase, (2) influence of construction considerations on design development, (3) aesthetic innovation found in components, and (4) performance innovation found in components or systems. Table 4 lists project participant involvement during each design phase to provide a comparative measure for the degree of coordination and collaboration found in our case studies. In particular, Model 4 involving architect, fabricator, and contractor input during all phases of design seems most promising in terms of facilitating innovation inWorkStructuring. Buntrock, D. (2001). Japanese Architecture as a Collaborative Process: Opportunities in a Flexible Construction Culture. Spon Press, New York, 182 pp. Dawood.N et al describes a collaborative research study being undertaken between the University of Teesside and an international contracting organisation based in the UK. The goal of the research is to develop a methodology and a system that will ease and improve communication and exchange of data and information between the construction project team. The author describes reports on an IT-based tool for site document management as a first phase of the storage and distribution of project documents between the construction project team. The structure and development of the system are described with reports of its implementation and performance on the site. This result shows how the available IT facilities can be exploited to improve communication within the whole of the construction supply chain. Optimum utilisation of already available IT can clearly improve the construction processes with accrued benefits. Dawood.N,Akinsola.A,Hobbs.B.(2002).Development of automated communication of system for managing site information using internet technology. Automation in Construction. 11 (3), 552-572. Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction to the Chapter This chapter explains the research process and approach towards the project. It also highlights the data generation method, risks and limitations of the dissertation. The research done in this dissertation is similar to research process done by Thomas, Nelson and Silverman (2005). Primary source of data ? The information referenced in this literature review, has been taken from different books, published papers .The most of the published papers in journals which have been mentioned in this chapter were taken from two electronic databases Emerald Full text and Business Source Premier (EBSCO). The access to these databases has been through the website of the Salford University Library. The keywords used during this research were communication in integrated project delivery process, project management, multifunctional team communication, project oriented tools like BIM in construction industry, contractors, contract, type of contracts, payment terms for contractors, Secondary source of data ? Why Interview ? Why not questionnaire? The main form of data collection comprised semi-structured interviews with project managers in UK and India the companies involved have construction and professional expertise and experience. The results were particularly important in this study as the participants were selected from a different organisations and project environments. The sample was designed to achieve both UK and Indian companies involved have construction and professional experience of project communication in off-site construction projects. In order to investigate the factors that influenced project communication it was necessary to have a range of organisations in terms of status, size, and projects managed. The five organisations that were selected, where 5 of the participants interviewed, operated in the construction sector. The selected organisations were well balanced in terms of projects managed. In general terms there was a link between the existence of project work and the type of projects undertaken. The five participants were selected on the basis of their project management experience, with each having long-standing familiarity in managing large and complex projects over a period of many years. Each participant provided information regarding the heavy engineering projects they had managed outside UK and India construction industry. Interviewee variety is essential to the quality of data obtained in qualitative research. In this study, the aim of interviewee variety was to explore a diverse proportion of expert views from successful senior project managers on project communication within the UK and india heavy construction industry. The main advantage of this model is that each participant had worked on projects in developing countries. This allowed me to focus in depth on the experiences of each participant. This was particularly important because the research subject data available in worldwide construction and the UK. The participants worked in various types of organisation formations and project arrangements. All participants had a practical understanding of management Interviews were conducted in research to understand the intervieweeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective so that our selection becomes a role in the richness and depth of information obtained.  In this research, interviews sought to harness the expertise and the selection of interviewees was done to reduce biasness and controversy as the definition of a successful project manager continues to generate considerable debate and controversy.  Traditional criteria of success have also been argued as being too simplistic in todays context complex construction project environment (Dainty et al.2003). Dainty, A.R.J., Cheng, M.-I., Moore, D.R., 2003. Redefining performance measures for construction project managers: an empirical evaluation. Construction Management and Economics 21 (2), 209à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"218. An approach to semi-structured interview was used to allow  flow depth and without information from respondents.   The flexible nature also encouraged respondents to participate  full and complete (Fellows and Liu,  2003 Patton, 2002; Schensul et al., 1999).   A combination  strategy was adopted during the interview increased  wealth of data collected.  The strategy follows  presentation by Patton (2002) that the interview three main  approaches: Informal conversation, Interview guide;   Standardized open-ended and not mutually exclusive.   An interview guide was adopted to ensure that all issues  be explored were covered during the interviews  lasted between 45 min and 90 min.  The guide also encouraged  preparation by the respondents and ensured that all  five directors focused on similar topics.  The  restriction imposed on an interview guide was used,  however, removed to allow respondents to more elaborate  on issues that were relevant and important to the performance  Team project implementation through informal conversation  and open questions.  This combination  even more flexible approach of the interviews and  allowed for data relevant to the practices  team integration and collaborative practices met  in a relaxed atmosphere. Case studies were employed to validate the findings. This yielded a better consistency of the findings since it allowed a systematic comparison of different organisations by exploring different management features and examining different levels of behavioural variables involved. Employing various data collection methods provided a complete picture of the issue under investigation. There was a logical progression to the order of the parent codes. This was an attempt to ensure that the main objectives of the study were met. Once this phase was complete, we took each topic in turn and inserted the relevant interview extracts. The analysis continued until data had been reduced amply to enable conclusions to be drawn from the coded data. The findings are presented below, where appropriate illustrative quotations drawn from the interview transcripts have been used to convey participants view. Findings Key dimensions of differences on communication behaviours drawn from participants in Worldwide and UK were used to collate the main attributes deemed to be the most important for 0ff-site construction projects. The reported results present generalised findings based on the 5interviews. The results are presented below under headings drawn from the analysis. Analysis Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Results 4.1 Introduction to the chapter In this study we analyse that communication is viewed as a professional practice where suitable tools and regulations can be applied in order to improve the utility of the data communicated, and is a social process of interaction between individuals. 4.2 Results and Analysis The Results and analysis of this project are arranged as the following questionnaire and the relevant answers from different people through interviews are as follows. Selection of team Teams are used in organisations in most sectors and industries due to the recognition that they are able to outperform individuals acting alone, especially when performance requires multiple skills and judgements Integrated project delivery is a response to the extensive cooperation necessary for 21st century complex projects to be influenced by multiple levels of people organizations. Since it is new, there is a tendency to adjust the focus with each new project. But overall, it works the companies selected for the key project of forming a group that includes the Owner, the AE, MC and may include other key consultants or builders. Usually a single sign, multiparty contract with the owner to form one or more committees of management. The core team establishes a set of project goals, cost, time and quality. Typically, there is emphasis on BIM continuous improvement. IPD is a powerful concept, but it makes more sense when a high degree of cooperation we want, when the importance of the project will capture the attention of major business leaders and when the owner is a leader capable of project delivery processes. IPD selection processes usually start traditional. Unless the Owner has ongoing relationships, the owner invites organizations present their qualifications, the list restricted to a small group and then have interviews. The tradition may end there. In general, interviews are not the typical Wood, PowerPoint show, and repeats followed by Q A-surface where the profits of the show. Its more like a workshop. The signature (s) under consideration may submit qualifications for a few minutes, but the rest of the time is spent without accessories. Discussion turned to the project and how to do it. Other topics of discussion, the companies are asked to evaluate the program and the initial plans. One of the objectives is to use the process to evaluate a companys inclination to work together innovative processes. Unless the teams are previously assembled, it is common affecting Principals in later selections. Whoever is selected in the first place, AE MC or its representative participates in the selection of others. Then both participate in the election code and Sub consultantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s subcontractors. Public Owner may not be able to include people who are not government employees as voting members of a selection committee but can make them feel in the process and provide feedback. In a collaborative environment that produces the same result. Project specifications and requirements This language is not common in recent IPD contracts. However, the contract usually defines clear project objectives with metrics to measure their achievement. The goals may include classic cost, schedule and quality, but other security objectives, sustainability, participation of small businesses, including minority employment. Some of the objectives (goals often very important) and the spirit of collaboration or the relationship between the relationships might not be measurable. As a result, some owners subjectively assess these issues. Management of teams and task division (multi-party contract) Management of Project team integration can be defined as where different disciplines or organisations with different goals, needs and cultures merge into a single cohesive and mutually supporting unit with collaborative alignment of processes and cultures (Baiden et al., 2010) The management of teams to manage current activities, problem solving, work planning, and anticipating the future challenges. The management teams include the owner and the top executives of each of the majors. Types of teams There may be several multi function teams. Senior Management Team (SMT):- Senior Management Team (SMT) may deal with global issues such as project delivery strategy, reallocation of equipment, changes of address or greater problems. A Committee of Operations or Project Management Team (PMT):- A Committee of Operations or Project Management Team (PMT) can deal with the coordination of everyday design, a major milestone IPD leadership comprising the sequence of decisions and passes the baton to the right person at the right time. Schedule, budget, compliance requirements and quality control, minor change orders. The Coordinating Committee on the Land or Project Implementation Team (PIT) adds Construction Superintendents Project managers and subcontractors active short-range management schedules, presentations, and RFIs. IPD In some projects, the owner reimburses each company at a cost. The companies can work within a guaranteed maximum. Management committee may adjust the distribution of labour within the warranty maximum. All feet are in the hands of a fire. A single group money is funding the entire project is divided into categories to costs, benefits and bonuses to the majors. Some owners have taken this concept and work for a EMC (estimated maximum cost). They argue that the EMC increases transparency and the concept of collaboration. And because central computer no longer under warranty, the owner no longer has the a hidden contingency costs inherent in that is a guarantee.8 useful concept for the convenience of the Owner with full confidence that, as team member he or she has a proper control to manage cost. Staff for personnel, bronze brass an important function of the management fee is the head conflicts. In traditional systems, when a problem project staff, driven by job security and human nature, see problem as the fault of the other organization. They explain their for middle managers. Oppose both climbing stories management organizations and polarize. Soon the leaders, led biased point of view, are angry at each other. A project of IPD usually involving organizations at multiple levels. If there is a problem at the operational level, middle management is together to hear both sides of the story and, if necessary, intensified higher levels of the organization. If the management committees not include the companys leaders are empowered to make decisions, IPD meets. Some companies, especially large firms avoid projects that require the participation of metals. If they do not fully delegate authority to the project team can not be suitable for a project of IPD. By contrast, many large companies A project delivery team include those who are key participants and involved in providing solutions that will meet the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s requirements in the delivery process. The team, therefore, requires members to harness the potential of the processes associated with delivery efficiency Team integration requires a spirit of cooperation to overcome traditional adversarial attitudes and barriers. This requirement means that its members may have to cross traditional departmental or professional boundaries to share their ideas while negotiating conflict at work. The team also requires a competent leader with the ability to drive the overall optimum achievement of initial team goals Shared risk and reward A fully integrated project delivery team, as considered within this thesis, has a single project focus and objectives boundaries between individuals are diminished and team members work towards mutually beneficial outcomes through the free sharing of information. A new team identity is thus formed by the fully integrated team and achievements, failures and successes are collectively shared (Baiden et al., 2010) Division of project requirements between the teams Selection of techniques and tools Apply of tools and techniques Resolve technical issues Integrate the product In off-site construction, integration often refers to collaborative working practices, methods and behaviours that promote an environment where information is freely exchanged among the various parties. Within an integrated team environment various skills and knowledge are seen as shared, and traditional barriers separating the design process from construction activities are removed or marginalised to improve project (Baiden et al., 2010) Integration has been suggested as providing a demonstrable means of improving the effectiveness of teamwork and project delivery team performance (Baiden et al., 2010) Baiden,a. Bernard,K. Andrew D,F. Price b. (2010). The effect of integration on project delivery team effectiveness. International Journal of Project Management. 3 (2), 1-8. Quality checks and engineering works Deliver quality product